Type II hypersensitivity| Immunochemistry23 | Bsc Nursing|Learn With Miss Sanjana Sharma| EduVriksh|
Published at : November 05, 2021
#Hypersensitivity #Immunochemistry #Bsc
Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an over-reaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging and uncomfortable. This is an immunologic term and is not to be confused with the psychiatric term of being hypersensitive which implies an individual who may be overly sensitive to physical (ie sound, touch, light, etc.) and/or emotional stimuli. Although there is a relation between the two - studies have shown that those individuals that have ADHD (a psychiatric disorder) are more likely to have hypersensitivity reactions such as allergies, asthma, eczema than those who do not have ADHD. Types of hypersensitivity reactions can be classified into four types. Type I - IgE mediated immediate reaction Type II- Antibody-mediated cytotoxic reaction (IgG or IgM antibodies) Type III- Immune complex-mediated reaction Type IV- Cell-mediated, delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Type IV hypersensitivity Type IV hypersensitivity. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are, to some extent, normal physiological events that help fight infections, and dysfunction in this system can predispose to multiple opportunistic infections. Adverse events can also occur due to these reactions when an undesirable interaction between the immune system and an allergen happens. Pathophysiology A Type IV hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by T cells that provoke an inflammatory reaction against exogenous or endogenous antigens. In certain situations, other cells, such as monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils, can be involved. After antigen exposure, an initial local immune and inflammatory response occurs that attracts leukocytes. The antigen engulfed by the macrophages and monocytes is presented to T cells, which then becomes sensitized and activated. These cells then release cytokines and chemokines, which can cause tissue damage and may result in illnesses. Examples of illnesses resulting from type IV hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis and drug hypersensitivity. Type IV reactions are further subdivided into type IVa, IVb, IVc, and I'd based on the type of T cell (CD4 T-helper type 1 and type 2 cells) involved and the cytokines/chemokines produced. Delayed hypersensitivity plays a crucial role in our body's ability to fight various intracellular pathogens such as mycobacteria and fungi. They also play a principal role in tumor immunity and transplant rejection. Since patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have a progressive decline in the number of CD4 cells, they also have a defective type four hypersensitivity reaction.
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Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an over-reaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging and uncomfortable. This is an immunologic term and is not to be confused with the psychiatric term of being hypersensitive which implies an individual who may be overly sensitive to physical (ie sound, touch, light, etc.) and/or emotional stimuli. Although there is a relation between the two - studies have shown that those individuals that have ADHD (a psychiatric disorder) are more likely to have hypersensitivity reactions such as allergies, asthma, eczema than those who do not have ADHD. Types of hypersensitivity reactions can be classified into four types. Type I - IgE mediated immediate reaction Type II- Antibody-mediated cytotoxic reaction (IgG or IgM antibodies) Type III- Immune complex-mediated reaction Type IV- Cell-mediated, delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Type IV hypersensitivity Type IV hypersensitivity. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are, to some extent, normal physiological events that help fight infections, and dysfunction in this system can predispose to multiple opportunistic infections. Adverse events can also occur due to these reactions when an undesirable interaction between the immune system and an allergen happens. Pathophysiology A Type IV hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by T cells that provoke an inflammatory reaction against exogenous or endogenous antigens. In certain situations, other cells, such as monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils, can be involved. After antigen exposure, an initial local immune and inflammatory response occurs that attracts leukocytes. The antigen engulfed by the macrophages and monocytes is presented to T cells, which then becomes sensitized and activated. These cells then release cytokines and chemokines, which can cause tissue damage and may result in illnesses. Examples of illnesses resulting from type IV hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis and drug hypersensitivity. Type IV reactions are further subdivided into type IVa, IVb, IVc, and I'd based on the type of T cell (CD4 T-helper type 1 and type 2 cells) involved and the cytokines/chemokines produced. Delayed hypersensitivity plays a crucial role in our body's ability to fight various intracellular pathogens such as mycobacteria and fungi. They also play a principal role in tumor immunity and transplant rejection. Since patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have a progressive decline in the number of CD4 cells, they also have a defective type four hypersensitivity reaction.
EduVriksh is an Indian educational Company based in New Delhi. Our aim is to provide online leading courses and programs. The company was founded in 2020 by Ankit Midha and his team. The company has a network of various kinds of educators helping young aspirants in preparation for competitive exams and learning among a variety of paramedical and academic courses.
For more informational videos please like share and subscribe to EduVriksh.
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HypersensitivityAutoimmunityImmunity